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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2019-011-3640 Air Park Industrial Special Light1 RESOLUTION NO. 2019-011-3640 2 3 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF 4 MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE 5 UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM 6 ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL 7 LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON 8 EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 9 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH 10 LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN 11 AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS 12 PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY 13 MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION 14 OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE 15 DATE. 16 17 WHEREAS, in accordance with Florida Statute Section 197.3632, the City of 18 Miami Gardens intends to use the uniform method for the levying, collection and 19 enforcement of non -ad valorem assessments for the maintenance of the Air Park 20 Industrial Special Lighting District, more particularly described in Exhibit "A" attached 21 hereto, and 22 WHEREAS, the City intends to use the uniform method for the collection of non - 23 ad -valorem assessments for this Special Lighting District, as authorized by F.S. 24 §197.3632, as may be amended from time to time, for the improvements to and 25 maintenance of infrastructure, because this method will allow such special assessment 26 to be collected annually, commencing the Fiscal Year beginning on October 1, 2019, in 27 the same manner as provided for ad valorem taxes, and 28 WHEREAS, the City held a duly advertised public hearing prior to the adoption of 29 this Resolution; proof of publication of such hearing being attached hereto as Exhibit 30 "B", and 31 WHEREAS, the City intends to impose assessments for the provision of 32 continued operation and maintenance of the Special Lighting District, which 33 assessments for the Special Lighting District were previously imposed by Miami -Dade 34 County, 35 NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY 36 OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA AS FOLLOWS: 37 Section 1: ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS: The foregoing Whereas 38 paragraphs are hereby ratified and confirmed as being true, and the same are hereby 39 made a specific part of this Resolution. 40 Section 2: AUTHORIZATION: Commencing the Fiscal Year beginning on 41 October 1, 2019, and continuing until discontinued by the City and the Special Lighting 42 District, and with the tax statement mailed for such Fiscal Year, the City intends to use 43 the uniform method of collecting non -ad valorem assessments for the cost of continued 44 operation and maintenance of the Air Park Industrial Special Lighting District, including 45 but not limited to improvements to and maintenance of infrastructure. Such non -ad 46 valorem assessments shall be levied within the Special Lighting District. A legal 47 description of such area subject to the assessment is attached hereto as Exhibit "A" and 48 is incorporated herein by reference. 49 Section 3: AUTHORIZATION: The City Council of the City of Miami Gardens 50 hereby authorizes' the City Manager to notify the Miami -Dade County Property 51 Appraiser's office of the City's intent to collect the special assessment by using the 52 uniform method of collection through the tax roll and hereby authorizes the City 53 Manager to enter into an agreement with the Property Appraiser for this purpose. 54 Section 4: DIRECTIONS TO THE CLERK: The City Clerk is hereby directed to 55 send certified copies of this Resolution to the Miami -Dade County Property Appraiser, 56 Miami -Dade County Tax Collector, and the Florida Department of Revenue. 2 57 Section 5: EFFECTIVE DATE: This Resolution shall take effect immediately 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 upon its final passage. PASSED AND ADOPTED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS AT ITS REGULAR MEETING HELD ON JANUARY 23, 2019. OLIVER GILBERT, III, MAYOR ATTEST: MART ,BATAILLE, CITY C ERK PREPARED BY: SONJA KNIGHTON DICKENS, ESQ., CITY ATTORNEY SPONSORED BY: CAMERON D. BENSON, CITY MANAGER Moved by: C0u1J -Z4MA IJ to tt CAP,4S VOTE: 6, Mayor Oliver Gilbert, III Vice Mayor Rodney Harris Councilwoman Katrina Wilson Councilman Erhabor Ighodaro, Ph.D. Councilwoman Lillie Q. Odom Councilman Reggie Leon Councilman David Williams Jr (Yes) (No) (Aas��� (Yes) (No) (Yes) (No) (Yes) (No) c (Yes) (No) X (Yes) (No) X (Yes) (No) 3 COMPOSITE EXHIBIT "A" Air Park Industrial, City of Miami Gardens, Florida more particularly described as Bounded by Biscayne Canal on the North, Bounded by N.W. 33 Court on the East. Bounded by N.W. 151 Street on the South. Bounded by LeJune Road -Douglas Expressway on the West. Portions of Section 16, Township 52 South, Range 41 East, Dade County, Florida; being more particularly described as follows: All of "Air Park Industrial" according to the plat thereof as recorded in Plat Book 122 at page 83. All of the aforementioned plat being recorded in the Public Records of Dade County, Florida. 4 PROPOSED DISTRICT 'BOUNDARIES STREET LIGHTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE INSTALLED ALONG ALL PUBLIC ROADWAYS WITHIN THESE BOUNDARIES. N. 3 / t W T B 154 TfRR. 4 � Q S `[RV153 $T., O D p N ,Y VNJI/1/ TERR. / 29 AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL STREET LIGHTING IMPROVEMENT PROJECT SECTION f6 - 52 - 41 Exhibit "B" /G EXHIBIT "B" [ PLEASE INSERT PROOF OF PUBLICATION 1/24/2019 The Miami Herald I Sunday, December 23, 2018 1 Nbrs — North West - Doral - Miami Springs - West Kendall 13NW SUNDAY DECEMBER llHI19 NEIGHBORS MIAMIHERALa.(OM sNw CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE IS HEREBY given that the City Council of the City of Miami Gardens, Florida will conduct a Public Hearing during its regular City Council meeting, Wednesday, January 23, 2019, beginning at 7:00 p.m., at City Hall in the City Council Chambers.. located at 18605 NW 2711, Avenue, Miami Gardens, Florida to consider the following described Resolution(s): A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE WESTWOOD MANOR SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM NIETHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. Said Resolutions are available for public inspection at the Office of the Ciry Clerk located at 1865 NW 27111 Avenue, Miami Gardens, FL 33056 Monday through Thursday during regular office hours. Inquiries concerning these items should be directed to the Office of the City Manager at (305) 914-9010. ALL interested parties are invited to attend and will be heard. Mario Bataille, CMC City Clerk City of Miami Gardens Pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.0 105, the City hereby advises the public that if a person decides to appeal any decision made by this Board, Agency or Commission with respect to any matter considered at its meeting or hearing, he or she will need a record of the proceedings, and that for such purpose, affected person may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all persons who are disabled and who need special accommodations to participate in this meeting because of that disability should contact Mario Bataille, CMC, City Clerk (305) 914-9129, not later than 48 hours prior to such proceeding. TDD Number 1-800-955-877L http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/MiamiHeraid/Print.Page.aspx?href=TMH%2F2018°/o2F 12%2F23&page_num=219&pub—name=The%20Mia... 1/1 1/24/2019 The Miami Herald I Sunday, December 30, 2018 1 Nbrs — North West - Doral - Miami Springs - West Kendall 13NW SUNDAY DKENBER MUMRIERND.COM�B NEIGHBORS I3"w CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS y NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE LS HEREBY given that the City Council of the City of Miami Gardens, Florida will conduct a Public Hearing during its regular City Council meeting, Wednesday, January 23, 2019, beginning at 7:00 p.m., at City Hall in the City Council Chambers, located at 18605 NW 271h Avenue, Miami Gardens, Florida to consider the following described Resolution(s): A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE WESTWOOD MANOR SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A- ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT f°A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. Said Resolutions are available for public inspection at the Office of the City Clerk located at 1865 NW 271" Avenue, Miami Gardens, FL 33056 Monday through Thursday during regular office hours. Inquiries concerning these items should be directed to the Office of the City Manager at (305) 9149010. ALL interested parties are invited to attend and will be heard. Mario Bataille, CMC City Clerk City of Miami Gardens Pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.0105, the City hereby advises the public that if a person decides to appeal any decision made by this Board, Agency or Commission with respect to any matter considered at its meeting or hearing, he or she will need a record of the proceedings, and that for such purpose, affected person may treed to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all persons who are disabled and who need special accommodations to participate in this meeting because of that disability should contact Mario Bataille, CMC, City Clerk (305) 9149129, not later than 48 hours prior to such proceeding. TDD Number 1-800-955-8771. http://d igital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/MiamiHeraid/Print. Page. aspx?href=TMH%2F2018%2F12%2F30&page_num=219&pub—name=The%20Mia... 1 /1 1/24/2019 The Miami Herald I Sunday, January 06, 2019 1 Nbrs — North West - Doral - Miami Springs - West Kendall I 3NW SUNDAY JANUARY 62019 I NEIGHBORS 3NW MIAMINERAED.COM CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS F � NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE IS HERESY given that the City Council of the City of Miami Gardens, Florida will conduct a Public Hearing during its regular City Council meeting, Wednesday, January 23, 2019, beginning at 7:00 p.m., at City Hall in the City Council Chambers, located at 18605 NW 2711, Avenue, Miami Gardens, Florida to consider the following described Resolution(s): A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE WESTWOOD MANOR SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 1917, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. Said Resolutions are available for public inspection at the Office of the City Clerk located at 1865 NW 27th Avenue, Miami Gardens, FL 33056 Monday through Thursday during regular office hours. Inquiries concerning these items should be directed to the Office of the City Manager at (305) 9149010. ALL interested parties are invited to attend and will be heard. Mario Bataille, CMC City Clerk City of Miami Gardens Pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.0105, the City hereby advises the public that if a person decides to appeal any decision made by this Board, Agency or Commission with respect to any matter considered at its meeting or hearing, he or she will need a record of the proceedings, and that for such purpose, affected person may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all persons who are disabled and who need special accommodations to participate in this meeting because of that disability should contact Mario BataWe, CMC, City Clerk (305) 914-9129, not later than 48 hours prior to such proceeding. TDD Number 1-800-955-8771. hftp:Ildigital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APAIMiamiHeraid/Print.Page.aspx?href=TMH%2F2019%2F�01 %2FO6&page_num=215&pub_name=The%2OMia... 1/1 1/24/2019 The Miami Herald I Sunday, January 13, 2019 1 Nbrs — North West - Doral - Miami Springs - West Kendall I 3NW SUNDAY WNW 13 2019 NEIGHBORS 3NW CAMBIA MON r,,.,,.,� CITY OF MIAMI GAR -DENS NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE IS HEREBY given that the City Council of the City of Miami Gardens, Florida will conduct a Public Hearing during its regular City Council meeting, Wednesday, January 23, 2019, beginning at 7:00 p.m., at City Hall in the City Council Chambers, located at 18605 NW 27i1 Avenue, Miami Gardens, Florida to consider the following described Resolution(s): A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE WESTWOOD MANOR SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIGHTING DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK;`PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING USE OF THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTING NON -AD VALOREM ASSESSMENTS FOR THE AIR PARK INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE DISTRICT, MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED ON EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO, PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 197, FLORIDA STATUTES; STATING THE NEED FOR SUCH LEVY; AUTHORIZING THE CITY MANAGER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE PROPERTY APPRAISER FOR THIS PURPOSE; PROVIDING FOR DIRECTIONS TO THE CITY MANAGER AND CITY CLERK; PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF REPRESENTATIONS; PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. Said Resolutions are available for public inspection at the Office of the City Clerk located at 1865 NW 270, Avenue, Miami Gardens, FL 33056 Monday through Thursday during regular office hours. Inquiries concerning these items should be directed to the Office of the City Manager at (305) 9149010. ALL interested parties are invited to attend and will be heard. Mario Bataille, CMC City Clerk City of Miami Gardens Pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.0105, the City hereby advises the public that if a person decides to appeal any decision made by this Board, Agency or Commission with respect to any matter considered at its meeting or hearing, he or she will need a record of the proceedings, and that for such purpose, affected person may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all persons who are disabled and who need special accommodations to participate in this meeting because of that disability should contact Mario Bataille, CMC, City Clerk (305) 914-9129, not later than 48 hours prior to such proceeding. TDD Number 1-800-955-8T71. http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/MiamiHeraid/Print.Page.aspx?href=TMH%2F2019%2FO1 %2F13&page_num=215&pub—name=The%20Mia... 1/1